![]() Qualitative researchers may gather information through observations, note-taking, interviews, focus groups (group interviews), documents, and artifacts. Narrative inquiry studies the narratives that people use to describe their experience. Biographical research is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories, based on biographical narratives and documents. Conversation analysis is primarily used to analyze spoken conversations. Thematic analysis involves analyzing patterns of meaning. Grounded theory is an inductive type of research, based on ("grounded" in) a very close look at the empirical observations a study yields. Autoethnography, the study of self, is a qualitative research method in which the researcher uses his or her personal experience to understand an issue. Data triangulation is also a strategy used in qualitative research. The case study method exemplifies qualitative researchers' preference for depth, detail, and context. These data sources include interview transcripts, videos of social interactions, notes, verbal reports and artifacts such as books or works of art. Qualitative researchers use different sources of data to understand the topic they are studying. Pernecky also deals with some of the neglected domains in qualitative research, such as social ontology, and ventures into new territories (e.g., quantum mechanics) in order to stimulate a more contemporary debate about common qualitative problems, such as absolutism and universalism. More recent philosophical contributions to qualitative inquiry (Pernecky, 2016 ) have covered topics such as scepticism, idea-ism, idealism, hermeneutics, empiricism and rationalism, and introduced the qualitative community to a variety of realist approaches that are available within the wide philosophical spectrum of qualitative thought. Berger, Thomas Luckmann, and Harold Garfinkel. Qualitative researchers have also been influenced by the sociology of knowledge and the work of Alfred Schütz, Peter L. Traditional positivist approaches to qualitative research seek a more objective understanding of the social world. The symbolic interactionist approach to qualitative research examines how individuals and groups develop an understanding of the world. ![]() Approaches to qualitative research based on constructionism, such as grounded theory, pay attention to how the subjectivity of both the researcher and the study participants can affect the theory that develops out of the research. Phenomenology refers to the philosophical study of the structure of an individual's consciousness and general subjective experience. Several philosophical and psychological traditions have influenced investigators' approaches to qualitative research, including phenomenology, social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, and positivism. The use of nonquantitative material as empirical data has been growing in many areas of the social sciences, including learning sciences, development psychology and cultural psychology. In this regard, Pernecky proposed an alternative way to implementing philosophical concerns in qualitative inquiry so that researchers are able to maintain the needed intellectual mobility and elasticity. However, some scholars have argued that the adoptions of paradigms may be counterproductive and lead to less philosophically engaged communities. The historical transitions or ‘moments’ in qualitative research, together with the notion of ‘paradigms’ (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), have received widespread popularity over the past decades. ![]() Contemporary qualitative research has been influenced by a number of branches of philosophy, for example, positivism, postpositivism, critical theory, and constructivism. Qualitative research has been informed by several strands of philosophical thought and examines aspects of human life, including culture, expression, beliefs, morality, life stress, and imagination. Qualitative research methods have been used in sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, social work, folklore, educational research and software engineering research. Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. It is particularly useful when researchers want to understand the meaning that people attach to their experiences or when they want to uncover the underlying reasons for people's behavior. ![]() Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena or to gain insight into people's experiences and perspectives on a particular topic. This type of research typically involves in-depth interviews, focus groups, or observations in order to collect data that is rich in detail and context. ![]() Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation. ![]()
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